Machu Picchu, one of the wonders of the modern world, stands out not only for its archaeological and cultural legacy but also for its natural wealth. This ancient Inca citadel is located within the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu, a protected natural reserve that covers more than 32,000 hectares.
Thanks to its geographical location and altitudinal variations, the sanctuary boasts great ecological diversity. This diverse ecosystem makes Machu Picchu one of the places with the greatest biodiversity in Peru, and a key point for environmental conservation.
Exploring its flora and fauna not only allows you to admire the natural beauty of the place, but also to understand the importance of protecting these ecosystems, which complement the majesty of the human work left by the Incas.
The Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu stands out not only for its historical value but also for its biodiversity; its lands are home to species such as the spectacled bear, Andean deer, and a wide variety of flora such as queñua trees, carnations, ferns, orchids, etc.
It is crucial to learn about endangered species and the importance of preserving this unique ecosystem; we must all act to protect its biodiversity and ensure its conservation.
Machu Picchu is located in the region known as the cloud forest edge. This location gives it a humid subtropical climate, with a marked difference between the rainy season (from November to March) and the dry season (from April to October).
This environment favors the development of a cloud forest ecosystem, rich in biodiversity and endemism. The forests are covered with mosses, orchids, and giant ferns and serve as a refuge for species such as the Andean bear, the cock-of-the-rock, and hundreds of varieties of butterflies and birds.
The Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu is considered a protected natural area and one of the most fragile and valuable ecosystems in Peru, essential for both biological conservation and the cultural identity of the country.
In Machu Picchu, you can observe a wide variety of animals such as the spectacled bear, puma, Andean deer, and birds; also found are the cock-of-the-rock, vizcachas, and other mammals.
In addition to these, the area is inhabited by llamas, vicuñas, howler monkeys, reptiles, and amphibians, all part of the unique ecosystem of the region.
The biodiversity in Machu Picchu is notable for the large number of plants it hosts, with 2,354 documented native species, including orchids, bromeliads, ferns, and various types of trees.
This plant diversity not only enriches the landscape but also plays a crucial role in the ecological balance of the area; the presence of these species highlights the importance of conserving the ecosystem.
Below are the species classified into different categories, including those endangered; these species could improve their status through conservation efforts and other factors that influence their survival.
It is important to note that the status of endangered species can change over time, depending on the actions taken to protect them and preserve their natural habitat.
The spectacled bear, also known as the Andean bear: is a unique species that lives freely in the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu; this is the only place in South America where these bears can be seen walking in their natural habitat, as they are a protected species.
These bears are distinguished by their black fur and yellowish circular marks around the eyes. Although considered one of the least aggressive bear species and tolerant of human presence, it is recommended to maintain a safe distance if encountered.
If you're lucky, you might spot one of these bears either within the sanctuary or along the Inca Trail, although it is always important to be respectful of their space and surroundings.
An emblematic and endangered species. It is the only South American bear.
The vizcacha: is a rodent that inhabits mountains up to 5,000 meters above sea level. It is distinguished by its abundant and soft fur, large ears, and a rabbit-like appearance.
Its diet is mainly based on straw or ichu, adapting to its mountainous environment.
The Andean deer or taruca: is another animal that inhabits the high mountains. It is distinguished by its dark gray coat and antlers, adapting to the heights where it lives in solitude. This animal is common in the higher areas of the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu.
Llamas and alpacas: are commonly found in the villages near Machu Picchu, where they are used as a means of transport. The llama has a long neck and dense coat, while the alpaca has a shorter neck, round face, and also thick fur.
Both animals are essential in the daily life of the region.
Bats: They are vital for the pollination of plants such as orchids.
Tanagers and parrots are frequent and found in fruit trees and bromeliads. These multicolored birds live in groups and are very active. They contribute to seed dispersal. Some parrots are threatened by illegal trafficking.
Birds of prey, such as the crested eagle and hawks, are predators that help regulate populations of rodents and small birds.
Toucans and quetzals, although rarer to see, may appear in the lower areas of the sanctuary. They usually inhabit dense forests and feed on fruits and insects.
Hummingbirds are endemic birds of the Cusco region and are found throughout the area. They are essential to the ecosystem, as they act as pollinators of various plants, significantly contributing to local biodiversity. More than 30 species have been recorded. They feed on the nectar of orchids and wildflowers and are essential for the pollination of many plants.
The cock-of-the-rock, national bird of Peru, lives in the Andean and tropical regions. This species, measuring 32 centimeters, is commonly seen on the trail between Aguas Calientes and the Mandor waterfalls, where its vibrant coloring stands out in its natural habitat.
This bird is considered the national bird of Peru. The males have bright reddish-orange plumage with black wings. It inhabits cloud forests and performs ritual dances to attract the female. It is a symbol of biodiversity in Machu Picchu. On the Inca Trail, these birds can be seen on mountain cliffs, camouflaged among the vegetation.
Within the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu, various species of amphibians and reptiles have been recorded. According to research from Sernanp (National Service of Natural Protected Areas), 12 amphibian species and 22 reptile species have been identified, highlighting the area's biodiversity.
In Machu Picchu, you can find various species such as frogs, toads, lizards, snakes, and others that are part of the sanctuary's rich biodiversity. These species contribute to the ecological balance of the area and are essential to its ecosystem.
Snakes:
There are species such as Bothrops andianus (Andean pit viper), although most are not venomous. Their presence indicates a healthy ecosystem. They are difficult to see due to their nocturnal habits and camouflage.
Frogs:
Such as Telmatobius marmoratus and Pristimantis pharangobates, adapted to humid climates. They take refuge in bromeliads and their calls can be heard at night. They are bioindicators of ecosystem quality.
Lizards:
Common in rocky areas, they easily camouflage. They help regulate insect populations. Some species are endemic to southeastern Peru.
The Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu also hosts a wide variety of insects, including sandflies, mosquitoes, and other species.
These insects play an important role in the local ecosystem, contributing to the area's biodiversity.
Butterflies – over 300 species have been recorded, such as Morpho sulkowskyi (with iridescent wings). They are important pollinators and their life cycle depends on the presence of specific plants.
Beetles, bees, and ants:
They help decompose organic matter and maintain soil health. Native wild bees also play key pollination roles.
In Machu Picchu, it is recommended to visit the butterfly house, where you can observe the entire life cycle of butterflies. This place hosts 300 different species, making it a key point for those interested in learning about the butterfly diversity of the area.
In this paragraph we will talk about the trees, medicinal plants, and shrubs that can be found in the Machu Picchu Sanctuary.
The unique climate of the Machu Picchu region favors the growth of a wide variety of plant species. The Sanctuary has been carefully documented, with a total of 2,354 native plant species recorded in the area.
In addition, the sanctuary hosts a great diversity of trees, with approximately 50 species identified so far. Among them are alder, cedar, cinchona, molle, queñua trees, ferns, puyas, angel’s trumpets, cloves, and the famous orchids, with about 400 species.
In Inca times, plants were used as remedies prepared from herbs with healing properties. These are the plants that were used:
The cock-of-the-rock, spectacled bear, and taruca are endangered due to illegal hunting and the loss of their natural habitat. These species face the risk of disappearing if measures are not taken to protect them.
The spectacled bear is considered vulnerable throughout Peru, highlighting the urgency of conserving its environment. Its population has declined due to human activity and the destruction of its habitat in the Andean regions.
The giant river otter is also in serious danger due to habitat destruction caused by urban expansion and the exploitation of natural resources such as timber. The loss of its aquatic environment puts its survival at risk.
At Illapa Culturas Andinas, we offer unique experiences that combine cultural exploration with biodiversity conservation. Our tourism programs allow travelers to learn about Andean cultures while contributing to the preservation of the environment.
Traveling with us not only provides enriching experiences but also makes a positive impact on preserving the natural wonders of our region.
Learn more about the diversity of this world wonder. Contact us at +51 944 714 563 or email info@illapa.com, and let us take care of your entire adventure.
